Abstract

EARLY BIOMARKERS IN ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY- A REVIEW

Rutvi P. Shah and Sunita S. Goswami*

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Abstract

AKI Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a commonly observed pathological condition with an increased rate of mortality, a heavy burden of illness and eventually economic burden. AKI is a frequent complication in several clinical settings, including large surgeries, emergency departments, and intensive care units. Once AKI occurs, the requirement for renal replacement therapy, persistent renal dysfunction, dialysis, and mortality increases. kidneys are unable to generate new nephrons, and maladaptive or repeated episodes of AKI will lead to further nephron loss and injury that is ultimately associated with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. A number of several novel biomarkers in plasma and urine have been investigated to improve the risk prediction of AKI. This systemic review comprehensively collected information on novel biomarkers like Serum creatinine, Serum Albumin, Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 and insulin-like growth factor–binding protein 7 (IGFBP7), Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, Cystatin C, kidney injury molecule-1, Monocyte chemotactic peptide-1, Urinary N‐acetyl‐ β ‐D‐glucosaminidase and β2-microglobulin, Alpha-1 Microglobulin, Urinary interleukin-18, Urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein level, Netrin-1, Endogenous Ouabain, Selenium binding protein-1, IL-6, BPI fold- containing family a member 2, microRNAs, Lanosterol Synthase Genetic Variants , Semaphorin 3A , Soluble urokinase receptor, Urinary Retinol Binding Protein, kininogen 1, Sodium/hydrogen exchanger isoform 3, Dickkopf-3, Hepatocyte Growth Factor, Tretolin Factor 3, Glutathione S transferase and Proenkephalin.

Keywords: Acute kidney injury; Early biomarkers; Detection site for renal damage; chronic kidney disease