Abstract

UNDERSTANDING SLEEPLESS NIGHTS: A REVIEW OF INSOMNIA EPIDEMIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, AND TREATMENT

K. Achyuth, Kesha M. Desai*, Rojamani N. and Shashidhar N.

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Abstract

Insomnia, a widespread sleep disorder, disrupts sleep initiation or maintenance, leading to daytime dysfunction and distress. This review explores key aspects of insomnia. Affecting a sizable population (3.9%-22.1%), it's more prevalent in women and older adults. While acute episodes may arise from stress or schedule shifts, chronic insomnia occurs at least three nights a week for three months. Insomnia often co-occurs with various medical and psychiatric conditions, with a complex interplay between them. The exact causes remain unclear, likely involving a combination of genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors. The current diagnosis focuses on sleep dissatisfaction and daytime impairments. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the gold standard for chronic insomnia, targeting sleep habits and negative thoughts. Medications offer short-term relief but require caution due to side effects and dependence. Relaxation techniques and good sleep hygiene can also improve sleep quality. Despite advancements, research gaps persist, highlighting the need for further exploration to optimize insomnia management.

Keywords: Insomnia, Cognitive-behavioral therapy, Daytime impairments, Sleep hygiene.