Abstract

NEURODEGENERATIVE DIABETES: A LEADING IMPLICATION OF ALTERED PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS IN FOOT

Diksha*, Anmoldeep Singh and Harshpreet Kaur

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Abstract

Diabetic neuropathy is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder specifically affecting the peripheral nervous system, is a major complication of diabetes mellitus. This condition primarily damages sensory and autonomic nerve fibers, and later to a lesser extent, motor axons. This review aims to explore the complicated pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy leading to foot nerve damage followed by ulcer formation and then progression to cancer. We address the interaction between ischemia, inflammation, metabolic and oxidative stress, and reduced neurotrophic support in nerve damage. There is discussion of the mechanisms underlying the creation of ulcers, including diminished healing and loss of protective feeling. Additionally, we look on the possible development of malignancy, specifically squamous cell carcinoma and Marjolin's ulcer, from long-term diabetic foot ulcers. The review ends with a summary of the current approaches to managing diabetic foot ulcers, which include sophisticated therapies like hyperbaric oxygen and reconstructive surgery, as well as blood glucose control and wound care interventions. This thorough review emphasizes the complexity of diabetic neuropathy and its consequences for the foot, underscoring the necessity of multidisciplinary treatment and early intervention to enhance patient outcomes.

Keywords: Diabetic, Neuropathy, Neurodegenerative, Ulcer, Oxidative Stress.