Abstract

IN-DEPTH REVIEW OF OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER (OCD): FROM ITS BASICS TO POSSIBLE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS

Anil Kumar, Nikita Kaushik, Yash Srivastav, Harshita Srivastava, Shruti Sinha, Sanmati Kumar Jain, Konda V. V. S. Krishna, Ayineedi Kusuma Lalitha and Abantika Baidya*

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Abstract

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a prevalent and debilitating mental health condition characterized by the presence of intrusive obsessions and repetitive compulsions. Affecting approximately 1-2% of the global population, OCD manifests through persistent, distressing thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) performed to alleviate the anxiety associated with these obsessions. The onset of OCD often occurs in childhood or adolescence, though it can also appear in adulthood. The etiology of OCD is multifactorial, involving a combination of genetic predisposition, neurobiological abnormalities, cognitive distortions, and environmental stressors. Genetic studies suggest a heritable component, while neuroimaging research highlights abnormalities in brain regions such as the orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and basal ganglia. Cognitive and behavioral theories propose that dysfunctional beliefs and reinforcement of compulsive behaviors play significant roles in the disorder’s development and maintenance. Diagnosis of OCD is based on clinical evaluation, including symptom history and functional impairment. Effective treatment typically involves a combination of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), particularly exposure and response prevention (ERP), and pharmacotherapy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Despite the availability of effective treatments, OCD can lead to substantial complications, including comorbid mental health disorders, physical health issues, and significant disruptions in daily life and relationships. Early intervention and a comprehensive treatment approach are crucial for managing OCD. Continued research into its pathogenesis and treatment options is essential for improving outcomes and enhancing the quality of life for affected individuals. Awareness and timely professional support are key factors in addressing this challenging and impactful disorder.

Keywords: Obsession, Compulsion, Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Anterior Cingulate Cortex, Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy.