Abstract

GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF CURRENT DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES

Viresh K. Chandur, Nagaratna S. Moger* and A. R. Shabaraya

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Abstract

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a common, long-term mental health condition defined by excessive, uncontrollable worry and a range of associated symptoms, including muscle tension, fatigue, restlessness, irritability, and sleep disturbances. This review examines GAD’s diagnostic criteria, pathophysiology, risk factors, treatment options, and prognosis. Neurobiological contributors to GAD include imbalances in neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, dopamine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which influence mood and stress response. Genetic predisposition and environmental stressors, such as trauma and chronic life stress, also play significant roles in GAD’s development. Effective treatment often combines cognitivebehavioural therapy (CBT) with pharmacotherapy; selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are commonly used as first-line medications. Benzodiazepines can provide short-term relief for severe symptoms, though they carry a risk of dependency. The prognosis for GAD is variable, with early diagnosis and consistent treatment adherence linked to more favourable outcomes. This review highlights the importance of a personalized approach to GAD treatment, considering individual patient profiles, symptom severity, and coexisting mental health conditions. Furthermore, it underscores the need for continued research to advance our understanding of GAD's complex pathophysiology, identify new therapeutic targets, and improve quality of life for those affected by this debilitating disorder.

Keywords: Generalized Anxiety Disorder, cognitive-behavioural therapy, SSRIs, personalized treatment, prognosis.