Abstract

METHYL NITRO NITROSOGUANIDINE: A CLOSER LOOK AT ITS CARCINOGENIC IMPACT – A REVIEW

Sankar V. * and Radhipriya S.

Abstract

In 1947, McKay and Wright first to synthesis the N-Methyl-N'-nitro- N-nitrosoguanidine as a compound known for its carcinogenic (cancercausing) and mutagenic (mutation-causing) properties. It has nitro and nitroso-amine group in its chemical structure. It belongs to the nitrosoguanidine family and is widely used in cancer research. MNNG specifically targets guanine and thymine to introduce alkyl groups into DNA. This alkylation can cause subtle mutations that evade detection by DNA repair systems. Since it was first identified as a mutagen in the 1960s, significant research has been conducted to explore its role in cancer mechanisms. Known to induce tumors in various animal models, especially in the gastrointestinal tract. Classified as a Group 2A carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), and animal studies indicate that it may be carcinogenic to humans. Contains a reaction between N-methyl guanidine and nitrite under controlled conditions. Strongly carcinogenic, so strict safety precautions are required when handling. Commonly used models include rats, mice, guinea pigs, hamsters, and dogs to study the carcinogenic effects of MNNG. Excreted primarily in urine and causes DNA alkylation, causing mutations. Various enzymes, including cytochrome P450 and glutathione S- transferase, are involved in metabolism. It is administered through drinking water, rectal injection, and other routes, causing tumors in various organs. Various routes cause various types of tumors, especially colon cancer when administered rectally. Acute exposure causes immediate DNA damage, while chronic exposure causes tumor development and long-term physiological changes. Major health risks include cancer development, mutagenicity, and possible neurological effects. Proper handling procedures are required to reduce exposure risk. Due to its instability and potential for releasing toxic compounds, refrigeration, protection from light, and careful handling are required. Detection and quantification of MNNG are mainly performed using chromatographic techniques such as HPLC, fluorescence detection, and comet assay to assess DNA damage.

Keywords: N-Methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, MNNG, carcinogenic, DNA alkylation, mutagenicity.