Abstract

RECENT ADVANCES IN THE USE OF ALKALOIDS AS THERAPEUTIC AGENTS: A PHARMACOGNOSTIC PERSPECTIVE

Mukund M. Pache*, Ashwini S. Thorat, Rohini R. Mule, Krushi H. Pradhan, Rutuja G. Watane, Mayuri N. Jagtap

Abstract

Alkaloids, a diverse group of nitrogen-containing secondary metabolites derived primarily from plants, have historically been pivotal in medicine, with early examples such as morphine and quinine shaping modern pharmacotherapy. Their structural diversity, encompassing frameworks such as isoquinoline, indole, and tropane, enables a broad range of pharmacological activities, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and neuroprotective effects. This review comprehensively overviews alkaloids and discusses their classification, natural occurrence, and therapeutic potential. It delves into their roles in addressing critical health challenges, such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and infectious diseases, highlighting key examples such as vinblastine and berberine. Recent advancements in analytical techniques, drug delivery systems, and synthetic biology have enhanced the discovery and optimization of alkaloid-based therapeutics, overcoming traditional challenges such as poor bioavailability and toxicity. This review also emphasizes emerging approaches, including combination therapies, green chemistry, and computational tools, to maximize the therapeutic potential of alkaloids. Additionally, the exploration of marine and microbial sources has expanded the scope for discovering novel compounds. Despite sustainability and regulatory hurdles, alkaloids remain integral to drug discovery, offering innovative solutions for modern medicine. This review concludes by highlighting the potential of alkaloid-based combination therapies to enhance efficacy, overcome resistance, and improve targeted drug delivery in personalised medicine.

Keywords: Alkaloids, pharmacological activities, therapeutic potential, personalized medicine, applications of alkaloids, alkaloid-based drug discovery.