Abstract

A REVIEW ON: PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE CONVENTIONAL THERAPIES AND THE EMERGING ROLE OF HERBAL MEDICINE

M. Bhuvaneshwari*, M. Lokesh*, A. Sobanathan and G. Rukkumani

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Abstract

Peptic ulcer disease, including gastric and duodenal ulcers, affects millions worldwide. It occurs when aggressive factors like hydrochloric acid (HCl), pepsin, bile reflux, leukotrienes (LTs), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) overpower defensive mechanisms such as the mucus-bicarbonate barrier, prostaglandins (PGs), mucosal blood flow, and antioxidants. The primary causes are Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like aspirin and ibuprofen. Additional risk factors include chemical agents (HCl/ethanol), stomach cancer, stress, smoking, spicy foods, and nutritional deficiencies. While stress and diet do not directly cause ulcers, they can worsen symptoms. Up to 70– 90% of ulcers are linked to H. pylori, which thrives in the stomach’s acidic environment.Treatment aims to reduce acid production, neutralize existing acid, and protect the ulcer to promote healing. In recent years, herbal medicine has gained global significance for its potential anti-ulcer benefits. However, concerns remain regarding its quality, safety, and efficacy. Research on medicinal plants shows they prevent ulcers in a dose-dependent manner, with histological studies confirming their lack of acute toxicity. Phytochemical screening has identified beneficial secondary metabolites like flavonoids and tannins, which contribute to their protective effects.Extensive pharmacological research has explored the anti-ulcer properties of various compounds. This review highlights the ulcerogenic mechanisms involved in peptic ulcer disease and examines the gastroprotective potential of medicinal plants, emphasizing their active constituents as promising alternative treatments.

Keywords: Peptic ulcer, H.pylori, NSAIDs, Acid production, Gastroprotection, Herbal medicine, Flavonoids, Phytochemicals.