Abstract

ADVANCEMENTS IN INTRANASAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION FOR NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS – A REVIEW

Kotha Pranathi*, S. K. Sushma Taj, Yellu Mahesh Reddy, Barmala Prashanth, Cheguri Shivani and Saduvu Shiva Kumar

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Abstract

Intranasal drug administration is one potential non-invasive treatment technique for central nervous system (CNS) issues. Direct nose-tobrain transfer is made possible by the nasal cavity's distinct structural and physiological characteristics, such as its high vascularization and the existence of olfactory and trigeminal pathways, which bypass the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This approach is especially advantageous for CNS-targeted treatments since it increases bioavailability without causing hepatic first-pass metabolism. The processes of intranasal medication absorption, important formulation techniques, and variables affecting drug efficacy are examined in this article. To maximize drug delivery, a variety of intranasal formulations have been studied, including sprays, gels, nanoparticles, and nanoemulsions. Drug retention has been greatly enhanced by developments in nanotechnology, including polymeric nanoparticles, niosomes, and liposomes. Conditions like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, migraines, depression, and even brain tumors may be treated by intranasal administration. The therapeutic feasibility of this method is demonstrated by FDA-approved intranasal formulations for medications such as insulin, sumatriptan, midazolam, and esketamine. To further improve CNS medication targeting, gene therapy and innovative biomaterial-based carriers are being investigated. Notwithstanding its benefits, there are drawbacks, including mucosal irritation, enzymatic breakdown, and patient response variability. To get around these barriers, future research will concentrate on creating novel approaches such in situ gels and gen etic delivery systems, as well as on enhancing device technology and drug formulations.

Keywords: Intranasal delivery, Nasal drug delivery systems, CNS disorders, brain disorders, gene therapy, Nasya karma.