Abstract

A REVIEW ON PARKINSON’S DISEASE

M. Pavan Kalyan*, Sree Mahalakshmi Pasumarthy, K. Hena Jyothsna, S. Chandra

Abstract

Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder that affects 1-2 out of every 1000 people at any given time. The main neuropathological finding is α-synuclein aggregation with Lewy bodies, which results in the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. PD is a multifactorial disease that involves both genetic and environmental factors, and the biggest risk factor for PD is age. Other risk factors include heavy metal exposure, head injuries, exposure to toxins, gender, age, and some drugs. Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by stiffness, bradykinesia, postural instability, mental and emotional health issues, chewing and swallowing difficulties, skin issues, and sleep issues. The pathophysiology is concerned with how the host interacts with its surroundings. Only a small portion of the cases under study have a genetic component. The pathophysiologic alterations that result in deficits are caused by damage to the different neural systems. Alpha synuclein aggregation, oxidative stress, ferroptosis, mitochondrial failure, neuroinflammation, and other factors are among the recognized processes of Parkinson's disease. The purpose of levodopa preparations is to replenish the dopamine in the striatum. Since dopamine cannot traverse the blood-brain barrier, Parkinson's disease (PD) can be treated with levodopa, a dopamine precursor that can. Exercise and occupational therapy are examples of non-pharmacological therapy.

Keywords: Parkinson’s disease, dopaminergic neurons, environmental factors, caffeine, dopamine, Neurodegenerative disorder, Lewy bodies.