Abstract

A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON COW URINE POWDER: PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES, AND CAPSULE DEVELOPMENT

Pradeep Sonwane*, Sarthak Ghodake, Yashvardhan Ghumare, Poonam Yadav, Karishma Pawar and Abhishek Madane

Abstract

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the phytochemical composition and physicochemical properties of cow urine powder to determine its suitability for pharmaceutical formulations. It also focuses on developing and comparing two herbal diuretic capsule formulations, one without excipients and another with excipients, to assess their pharmaceutical viability and effectiveness. Background: Herbal formulations have gained increasing attention for their therapeutic potential. Cow urine, a component of traditional medicine, is known for its bioactive properties, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, and diuretic effects. This study focuses on the phytochemical and physicochemical evaluation of cow urine powder and its formulation into herbal diuretic capsules containing synergistic herbal ingredients. Methods: Phytochemical screening was conducted using standard qualitative tests to identify the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates, proteins, amino and amino acids. Physicochemical properties, including angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, solubility, pH, and foaming index, were analysed to determine the stability and formulation feasibility. Two capsule formulations were prepared—one without excipients and another with excipients to enhance flow, dissolution, and bioavailability. Results: Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins, while glycosides were absent. Physicochemical evaluations indicated good flow properties, moderate bulk density, high water solubility, slightly alkaline pH (8.5), and a foaming index of 100, suggesting the presence of surfactant-like compounds. The formulated capsules met standard pharmaceutical parameters, with the excipient-based formulation demonstrating improved characteristics. Conclusion: The study highlights the potential of cow urine powder in herbal diuretic formulations, supported by its bioactive composition and favourable physicochemical properties. The findings suggest its suitability for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications, warranting further research into its stability, pharmacological efficacy, and clinical relevance.

Keywords: Cow urine powder, phytochemical screening, physicochemical analysis, diuretic capsules, herbal formulation.