Abstract

CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF PYRAZOLE DERIVATIVES: A REVIEW

*Priyanshi Mishra, Dinesh Chandra, Priya Mishra, Neelam and Sandeep Prakash

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Abstract

Ludwig Knorr was the first to discover the name "pyrazole" in 1883, while Edward Buchner is credited with being the first to synthesis it in 1889. The present review was based on the chemistry and biological properties of pyrazole derivatives for which an extensive literature survey was done using Scopus, Springer Nature, and Google Scholar. Two atoms of vicinal nitrogen, acidic pyrrole-like nitrogen with a single pair of aromatic electrons, simple sp2-hybridized nitrogen-like pyridine, and three carbon atoms make up the five-membered aromatic ring structure of pyrazole. The pyrazole has the chemical formula: C3H4N2, IUPAC name: 1,2-Diazacyclopenta-2,4-diene, molar mass: 68.079g/mol, melting point: 66 to 70°C and boiling point: 186 to 188°C. Pyrazole protonation results in pyrazolium cations that are more susceptible to an electrophilic attack at C-3 but less likely to experience one at C-4. While the pyrazole anion is more reactive with electrophiles, it is significantly less reactive with nucleophiles. There are some of the pyrazole molecule’s reactions characteristics i.e., Acylation, Oxidation, Reduction, Halogenation, Nitration and Sulphonation. In conclusion, numerous pharmacological properties have been reported for the novel derivatives of pyrazoles including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-diabetic, anti-viral, anti-diarrheal, anti-cancer, anti-tubercular, anti-leishmanial, anti-cholinesterase, antibacterial, antioxidant anti-Parkinson, and neuroprotective. Different nuclei added to pyrazole derivatives have been observed to exhibit a range of pharmacological profiles. The chemical pyrazole can be utilized to increase biological activity in a variety of heterocyclic systems. Pyrazole derivatives may be a rich source of potential entities in the study of a new generation of physiologically active molecules.

Keywords: Design, Chemistry, Pyrazole derivatives, Pharmacological properties, anti cancer.