Abstract

A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OF TOXICITY IN ISOLATED COMPOUND AND IN HERBAL PLANT

Raghav Sharma*

Abstract

Toxicity testing is an important part of toxicology that helps us understand how harmful a chemical or substance can be to living organisms. This review explains different types of toxicity, such as acute, sub-acute, sub-chronic, chronic, reproductive, developmental, and genetic toxicity. Each type is described with its causes, effects on the body, and how it is tested using international guidelines like those from OECD, REACH, and ICH. The review also covers specific forms of toxicity like effects on the nervous system (Neurotoxicity), immune system (Immunotoxicity), and hormone system (Endocrine disruption). A special focus is given to genotoxicity and mutagenicity because they are closely linked to cancer risks. The article also discusses how toxicity happens at the cellular level, including damage caused by oxidative stress, harmful chemical reactions in the body, problems in mitochondria (The energy centers of cells), and effects on cell receptors. Along with that, the review includes summaries of eight recent research studies to show current trends in toxicity testing. Newer methods like in vitro testing (Testing outside the body), computer models, and toxicogenomics (Study of gene responses to toxins) are also explained. This review aims to give students, researchers, and professionals a clear and full understanding of how toxicity is studied and why it is important for human health and environmental safety. It also shows the importance of using modern, ethical, and scientific methods in toxicity research.

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