Abstract

PHENOTHIAZINES AS VERSATILE BIOACTIVE MOLECULES: A REVIEW OF THEIR THERAPEUTIC AND INDUSTRIAL SIGNIFICANCE

Vaijanti A. Medge*, Hemlata S. Bhawar and Pratik Vijay Malvade

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Abstract

Phenothiazines are a large family of heterocyclic compounds that are applicable in medicine, material science, and industry. Phenothiazines, which originated as dyes, are tricyclic heterocyclic compounds that have antipsychotic, antimicrobial, and anticancer activity. Bioactivity arises due to dopamine receptor blockade, inhibition of efflux pumps, and pro-apoptosis. However, neuro-/cardiotoxicity and limited solubility restrict clinical application. Progress in green synthesis, molecular docking, and drug repurposing (COVID-19, for instance) attests to their flexibility. Here, the synthesis, SAR, mechanisms, and newer medicinal and material science applications are discussed. The tricyclic structure is responsible for the physicochemical and biological properties of phenothiazines, and the synthesis is improved by using green chemistry and functional group modification to afford more active derivatives. Phenothiazines are efficacious but toxic, with neuroand cardiotoxicity that requires optimization of the pharmacokinetic profile. Molecular docking studies have given an understanding of their biological interaction, and hence, in developing new derivatives. Recent studies are aimed at their repurposing for novel therapeutic applications, new drug delivery systems, and the resolution of clinical development problems. This review provides a comprehensive coverage of the history of phenothiazines, their synthesis, their biological activities, and the future of phenothiazines, with emphasis on the impact of these compounds in medicine and science.

Keywords: Phenothiazine, Synthesis, Anti microbial Activity, Anti Cancer Activity, Anti psychotic Activity ,