Abstract

ECT IN THE MODERN ERA: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE

Dr. Madhanraj N. and *Dr. Santhosh Kumar

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Abstract

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) has evolved significantly from its historical origins into a highly effective and safe treatment for severe mental illnesses. This review article synthesizes contemporary research from 2016 to 2025, providing a comprehensive overview of modern ECT practices. It details the procedure's current indications, highlighting its superior efficacy in treatment-resistant depression, bipolar disorder, and certain forms of schizophrenia. The article explores the proposed neurobiological mechanisms, including neurotransmitter modulation and neuroplastic changes, as elucidated by recent neuroimaging studies. Advancements in anesthesia and stimulation techniques have substantially improved safety and minimized side effects, particularly cognitive impacts like memory impairment, which are thoroughly discussed alongside strategies for mitigation. Ethical considerations, emphasizing informed consent and patient autonomy, are critically examined. Furthermore, the review addresses diverse patient perspectives, the persistent societal stigma surrounding ECT, its application in special populations (e.g., pregnant individuals, older adults), and its demonstrated cost-effectiveness. Finally, it outlines future research directions aimed at personalized ECT protocols and further demystifying its complex therapeutic actions, underscoring its indispensable role in modern psychiatric care.

Keywords: Ethical considerations, emphasizing informed consent and patient autonomy, are critically examined.