Abstract

ADVANCED CHROMATOGRAPHIC AND SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES FOR QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF ANTIVIRAL AGENTS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

Chaithanya M. P., Puneeth Kumar K. R., *Dr. Ayushi Chawla, Dr. S. Vijaya Bhaskar, Dr. Shachindra L. Nargund and Dr. Shravan L. Nargund

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Abstract

Viruses are microscopic infectious agents that pose serious global health threats by infecting a wide range of hosts including humans, animals, and plants. The classification of viruses based on morphology and genetic composition provides the foundation for understanding their replication mechanisms and targeting them with specific antiviral therapies. Antiviral drugs play a crucial role in preventing and treating viral infections by various mechanisms such as receptor blocking, immune system support, and reduction of viral load. These drugs are classified based on their mechanism of action, including nucleoside and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, and viral entry inhibitors. The development and validation of analytical methods for the quantification of antiviral agents are essential in ensuring drug safety, efficacy, and quality across various stages of pharmaceutical development. This article presents a comprehensive comparison of different spectrometric and chromatographic techniques employed in antiviral drug analysis. Techniques such as UV-visible spectroscopy, spectrofluorimetry, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UPLC coupled with UV, MS, QTRAP-MS, and MS/MS detectors, as well as HPLC with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD), are evaluated in terms of sensitivity, specificity, detection limits, linearity, and run time. Incorporating ICH guidelines, the article emphasizes the importance of method validation in determining critical parameters such as drug stability, degradation profiling, impurity identification, and pharmacokinetic behavior. Numerous antiviral agents including sofosbuvir, daclatasvir, velpatasvir, zidovudine, and darunavir have been analyzed using validated methods tailored to their physicochemical properties and therapeutic roles. The findings demonstrate the significance of advanced analytical techniques in optimizing antiviral therapy and supporting regulatory compliance, contributing to the global effort in combating viral diseases.

Keywords: UV-Visible Spectroscopy, Spectrofluorimetry, FTIR-Spectroscopy, UPLC-MS, UPLC-Qtrap-MS, UPLC-UV, UPLC-MS/MS, HPLC-FLD, HPLC-UV, Chromatographic techniques, Spectrometric techniques, Antiviral agents, Analytical method validation.