Abstract

TYPE 2 DIABETES, HEART FAILURE, AND HORMONAL DYSREGULATION: A TRIAD IN INTERNAL MEDICINE

Anto Musy Bosco J.*, Dipanjan Maity, Sai Sowmith, Elisha T., Shreya Rathi, Dr. Om Dixit⁶, Kamalpreet Singh⁷ and Nikita Chauhan

Abstract

This review explores the interconnections between type 2 diabetes, heart failure, and hormonal dysregulation, highlighting their complex pathophysiology and therapeutic implications. Insulin resistance, a hallmark of type 2 diabetes, is intricately linked to cardiac dysfunction through mechanisms involving oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. Hormonal dysregulation further exacerbates these effects, impacting cardiac function and contributing to heart failure. Therapeutic strategies, including pharmacological agents like SGLT2 inhibitors and lifestyle modifications, have shown promise in mitigating these risks. Future directions in diabetes management emphasize precision medicine, technological advancements, and patient-centered care to optimize outcomes. Addressing barriers to effective self-care and developing tailored interventions for special populations remain critical challenges.

Keywords: Type 2 diabetes, Heart failure, Hormonal dysregulation, Insulin resistance, Cardiac dysfunction, Therapeutic interventions, Precision medicine, Patient engagement.