Abstract

GREEN ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, SOLVENTS AND SAMPLE PREPARATION STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE BIOACTIVE COMPOUND ANALYSIS

A. Swetha*, Krutal D. Patel, B. Hari Prasad, Ch. Devendar and G. Tulja Rani

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Abstract

As environmental consciousness grows in analytical chemistry, there is a rising demand for eco-friendly sample preparation techniques. Green analytical chemistry emphasizes the creation of environmentally responsible analytical methods, advocating for direct analysis approaches that reduce sample processing, thereby lowering energy and reagent usage and minimizing waste production. Sample preparation and extraction are pivotal stages in developing analytical methods that can be optimized to adhere to green analytical chemistry principles. Techniques like solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) offer a sustainable alternative by miniaturizing the pre-concentration step, contrasting traditional largescale extraction methods. Despite their promise, these microextraction methods are not yet widely adopted in standard analytical practices, even though they are commonly used as benchmarks in the field. It is important to note that microextractions can replace large-scale extractions in routine methods, aligning with green analytical chemistry principles. This review assesses the environmental friendliness, benefits, and drawbacks of prevalent SPME and LPME techniques suitable for gas chromatography, focusing on aspects such as automation, solvent usage, safety, reusability, energy efficiency, time efficiency, and ease of handling.

Keywords: Green analytical chemistry, Extraction techniques, Liquid-liquid extraction, Solid-phase extraction, Sample preparation, Greenness assessment.