Abstract

A REVIEW: SOLUBILITY ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES

*Mr. S. Varun Shankar, Dr. R Yogananda, Mr. Chethan Patel D N, Pramod Sangam P, Sujay Yadav D K

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Abstract

Solubility is one of the major parameters to obtain desired concentration of drug in systemic circulation for pharmacological response to be displayed. Poor aqueous solubility of drug molecules remains one of the most critical challenges in pharmaceutical research and development, as it directly affects oral bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. Nearly 40% of newly developed chemical entities fall into Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) Class II and IV, where dissolution or solubility becomes the rate-limiting step for absorption. To overcome these limitations, a wide range of strategies have been employed, including physical modifications (particle size reduction, nanosuspension, solid dispersion), chemical approaches (salt formation, pH adjustment, co-crystallization, co-solvency) and advanced technological innovations such as nanotechnology, supercritical fluid processing, liquisolid systems and surfactant-based methods. Among these, cocrystallization has gained significant attention for its ability to enhance solubility, dissolution rate, and stability without altering the pharmacological properties of the drug. Additionally, this review highlights the importance of solubility in oral drug delivery, summarizes conventional and novel approaches for improving dissolution, and emphasizes the potential of advanced formulation strategies combined with experimental design tools to overcome challenges associated with poorly water-soluble drugs.

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