Abstract

NEUROIMMUNE CROSSTALK IN BRAIN HEALTH AND DISEASE: EMERGING ROLES AND THERAPEUTIC TARGETS

Dipanjan Maity*, Dr. E. Kavya Sri, N. Sai Bhavana, Velupally Sai Preetham

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Abstract

The brain and immune system talk constantly, swapping chemical whispers and electrical nudges that decide whether to stay sharp, forget, or fall apart. Here, we piece together the conversation: antigens seep from cerebrospinal fluid into dural sinuses where quiet T cells peek without triggering chaos; microglia slip lysosomal enzymes into neurons to keep lipid clocks ticking, but if the exchange stalls GM2 ganglioside piles up and lights the fuse of neurodegeneration; astrocytes ship cholesterol to remyelinating oligodendrocytes, yet in male mice the same cargo becomes a roadblock unless luteolin opens the efflux hatch. Danger signals ATP, HMGB1, misfolded proteins flip purinergic and TLR switches that weld NLRP3 inflammasomes, releasing IL-1β waves that travel from cortex to coronary arteries, linking stroke risk to mood dips. When the chatter derails, autism brains show IL-17 graffiti, lupus neutrophils spew NETs that shred the blood–brain barrier, Parkinson’s mitochondria leak ROS that become microglia, and depressed hippocampi drowned in kynurenine. Vagus-nerve stimulation, SIRT1 boosters, NET-cutting DNase I, CGRP silencers, and programmable bioelectronic implants can reduce or increase the volume, but human trials remain small, short, and noisy.

Keywords: neuroimmune crosstalk; microglia; astrocytes; vagus nerve; NLRP3 inflammasome; blood–brain barrier; neuroinflammation; bioelectronic medicine; Parkinson’s disease; major depressive disorder.