Abstract

DIABETES MELLITUS: A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OF CLASSIFICATION, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, CAUSES, DIAGNOSIS, SYMPTOMS, AND TREATMENT

Aditi S. Kul*, Amita B. Dongare, Prof. Mamta Divekar

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Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a widespread chronic metabolic disorder that includes several types, such as Type 1 (T1DM), Type 2 (T2DM), and gestational diabetes, all marked by elevated blood glucose levels. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease driven by genetic factors that lead to the destruction of pancreatic beta cells, necessitating insulin therapy. Type 2 diabetes is linked to insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, influenced by factors like genetics, obesity, lack of physical activity, and ethnicity. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) occurs during pregnancy and raises the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes in the child. Diagnosis is based on tests such as fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance, HbA1c levels, and specific antibody tests. Long-term complications include atherosclerosis, retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, and cell damage due to osmotic stress, emphasizing the need for proper blood sugar control. Treatment strategies differ: T1DM requires insulin, while T2DM management may involve lifestyle changes, medications, and sometimes insulin. Understanding the nature of diabetes is crucial for effective treatment and improving patients’ quality of life.

Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Classification, Pathophysiology, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, symptoms.