Abstract

ROLE OF MALE FACTORS IN INFERTILITY: AN INTEGRATIVE REVIEW OF ETIOLOGY AND AYURVEDIC MANAGEMENT

*Dr. Kajal Tiwari, Dr. Shraddha Chouhan, Dr. Basanti Guru

Abstract

Male factor infertility contributes significantly to the global burden of infertility and is responsible for nearly 40–50% of cases, either independently or in combination with female factors. Common abnormalities include oligospermia, asthenozoospermia, teratozoospermia, azoospermia, cryptospermia and OAT syndrome, which primarily affect sperm count, motility and morphology. Contemporary medicine attributes these conditions to hormonal imbalance, oxidative stress, infections, genetic defects, lifestyle factors, genital tract obstruction and erectile dysfunction. Ayurveda explains male infertility mainly under the concepts of Shukra Dushti, Ksheena Shukra, Beeja Dosha and Vata-Pitta vitiation with a predominant role of Apana Vayu. Improper diet (Ahara), faulty lifestyle (Vihara), psychological stress (Manasika Nidana), suppression of natural urges, excessive heat exposure, addictions and chronic systemic illnesses are described as important causative factors leading to quantitative and qualitative impairment of Shukra Dhatu. Ayurvedic management follows a holistic approach comprising Nidana Parivarjana, Deepana-Pachana, Shodhana (especially Basti therapy) and Rasayana-Vajikarana Chikitsa. Classical formulations and drugs such as Ashwagandha, Kapikacchu, Shatavari, Gokshura, Vidarikanda, Makardhwaja, Shilajatu and medicated Ghrita preparations are indicated based on Dosha dominance and clinical presentation. Dietary modifications, stress management, adequate sleep, abstinence from harmful habits, and incorporation of Yoga and meditation further enhance therapeutic outcomes. This review aims to compile classical Ayurvedic concepts, correlate them with modern semen abnormalities, and highlight evidence-based Ayurvedic interventions for male infertility. An integrative understanding may offer safe, cost-effective and sustainable management options, improving reproductive health and overall well-being.

Keywords: Male infertility, Shukra Dhatu, ksheen shukra, Oligospermia.