Abstract

UNDERSTANDING OF PRIMARY OPEN ANGLE GLAUCOMA IN GENERAL PERSPECTIVE: A REVIEW ARTICLE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO KAPHAJA ADHIMANTHA

*Dr. Shivani Prajapati, Prof. Shamsa Fiaz

Abstract

Glaucoma is a chronic, progressive optic neuropathy characterized by structural damage to the optic nerve head and corresponding visual field defects, often associated with raised intraocular pressure (IOP). It is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness worldwide and frequently remains asymptomatic until advanced stages, especially in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Modern ophthalmology recognizes glaucoma as a multifactorial disease in which IOP is the most important modifiable risk factor, although vascular, biomechanical, and neurodegenerative mechanisms also contribute to optic nerve damage. In Ayurveda, severe ocular diseases are described under Netra Roga, among which Adhimantha is considered a grave and potentially blinding disorder. Classical descriptions present Adhimantha as a severe disease associated with intense ocular pain, visual disturbance, and deeper involvement of ocular structures, often developing as a complication of neglected or improperly managed bhishyanda. Although glaucoma and Adhimantha are not identical disease entities, certain clinical features—particularly progressive visual disturbance, ocular heaviness, and chronic deterioration seen in Kaphaja Adhimantha—permit a meaningful comparative discussion with glaucomatous disorders, especially POAG. The present review article aims to provide a general understanding of glaucoma from both modern and Ayurvedic perspectives, with special emphasis on the concept of Adhimantha, its etiopathogenesis, types, symptomatology, diagnosis, and management. The review also attempts to discuss the possible correlation of glaucomatous pathology with different forms of Adhimantha and to highlight the relevance of an integrative perspective in preserving vision and preventing blindness.

Keywords: Glaucoma, Adhimantha, Kaphaja Adhimantha, Primary Open Angle Glaucoma, Intraocular Pressure, Optic Neuropathy, Ayurveda, Netra Roga.