Abstract

HUMAN INTELLIGENCE AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: A COMPARATIVE AND CONTRASTIVE REVIEW

*Dr Ajit V. Pandya

Abstract

Humans originated approximately 6-7 million years ago. The human brain, through emotion, learning, and the manipulation of ideas, has made many impossible things possible. Human intelligence (HI) and artificial intelligence (AI) represent two fundamentally different approaches to intelligent way of behaving. Human intelligence is a biological and psychological phenomenon arising from the interaction of cognition, perception, emotion, experience, consciousness, human to human learning and biological processes. Artificial intelligence, in contrast, refers to computational systems designed to perform tasks that traditionally require human cognitive abilities, including learning, reasoning, perception, language processing, prediction, and decision-making. The rapid development of machine learning, deep learning and generative AI has intensified debates concerning (question arises here) “whether artificial systems can replicate, augment or eventually exceed human intelligence?” This review comparatively examines human and artificial intelligence across major dimensions, including learning, reasoning, memory, competition, creativity, emotional intelligence, adaptive capability, consciousness, speed, accuracy, generalization, decision-making, ethics, and human to human interaction. The review argues that AI has achieved higher levels of task-specific performance and, increasingly, sophisticated reasoning and multimodal capabilities; however, performance on benchmarks should not automatically be equated with the broader psychological construct of intelligence. At the same time, evidence suggests that human-AI collaboration can produce substantial benefits when the complementary strengths of humans and machines are appropriately integrated. The article concludes that the most productive research direction is not simply to determine whether AI is superior to humans, but to probe how human and artificial intelligence can be combined while preserving human agency, accountability, contextual judgment, creativity, and ethical responsibility. The brain is almost made of same types of neurons and genes too in all normal human beings. But its cultivations and training in all aspects make it successful intelligent one as compared to others. The stored data and its integration while retrieving the information from brain are different every time as per requirements. Humans are capable of creating AI, but AI cannot create human beings, which are living organisms.

Keywords: Artificial intelligence (AI), human cognition, Human intelligence, machine learning, generative AI, creativity, reasoning, human-AI interactions, and cognitive abilities.