Abstract

A REVIEW ON CKD MANAGEMENT: CURRENT STRATEGIES AND EMERGING THERAPIES

Dr. Meghasri R. S.*, Dr. Nagarjuna D., Dr. Shivaraj D. R., Ms. Bhumika S., Mr. Bharath H. M., Mr. Sunil Kumar S. N.

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a long-term, irreversible ailment marked by a steady decline in kidney function, impacting millions worldwide and posing a significant public health issue. This review explores current management approaches and new therapeutic developments for CKD. The disease is identified by a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) below 60 mL/min per 1.73 m² or indicators of kidney damage persisting for a minimum of three months, with classification determined by GFR and albuminuria levels as per KDIGO guidelines. The development of CKD is characterized by a range of glomerular and tubulointerstitial disorders, such as chronic glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy, and hypertension. As the condition progesses through its four main stages—from reduced renal reserve to end-stage renal disease (ESRD)—patients encounter systemic issues like metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia, anemia, and cardiovascular disease. Management aims to decelerate disease progression through nondrug approaches, such as limiting dietary sodium and protein, making lifestyle changes, and rigorously controlling glucose and blood pressure levels. For individuals advancing to ESRD, renal replacement options like hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and kidney transplants are essential, with transplantation providing the most favorable long-term survival and quality of life. Additionally, the review emphasizes new regenerative treatments, particularly the use of pluripotent stem cells (ESCs and iPSCs) to potentially slow disease progression through paracrine effects, although issues like tumor risks and long-term stability are still being actively researched.

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